A Study On Economic Growth - 877 Words

Robert Lucas, the 1995 Nobel laureate, has stated, â€Å"Once you start thinking about economic growth, it is hard to think about anything else.† (On the Mechanics of Economic Development) This is a subject that has been studied by many economists over the years. Economic growth is important to understand because it relates to how people will live along with how society will succeed in the future. â€Å"Without economic growth, higher income levels and living standards cannot be achieved.† (Macroeconomics) What is economic growth? Economic growth is the increase of goods and services produced over a period of time. This is important because as the economy grows people begin to prosper and have higher standards of living. Studies have also shown that as people begin to prosper they become more concerned with their environment and with their health. In areas where incomes levels have increased, money is being invested on cleaner air and water. A higher income prov ides for a higher quality of life by allowing people to have the funds to make their lives better. Economic growth is measured by the ratio of GDP to population, which means more goods and services per person. As a country experiences economic growth income levels grow and studies have proven that life expectancy also extends. The rule of 70 is a tool that assists with the understanding of sustained growth and to determine how many years it will take for income levels to double at various rates of growth. TheShow MoreRelatedA Study On Economic Growth1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe study of economic growth focuses on the long-run trend in aggregate output as measured by potential Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Increasing the growth rate of potential GDP is key to raising the level of income, the level of profits, and the living standard of the population. Economic growth is a sustained expansion of production possibilities measured as the increase in real GDP over a given period. Rapid economic growth maintained over a number of years can transform a poor nation into aRead MoreRegulation And Economic Growth Case Study855 Words   |  4 Pagesof Regulation on Economic Growth in the Developing Countries Name: Institution: The Impact of Regulation on Economic Growth in the Developing Countries In the recent years, efficient regulatory regime’ role in the enhancement of the economic growth and development has created a significant attention among the researchers. It is vital to note that regulation undertake numerous forms and the form of regulation strategy embraced by many developing countries has changed over time (Jalilian etRead MoreFactors Of Economic Growth : Case Study Of South Korea3683 Words   |  15 Pagesin Economic Growth: Case Study of South Korea Amanda Osborne ECON/POLS 313: International Political Economy November 20, 2014 Introduction: Higher incomes, lower unemployment, decreased government borrowing, increased investment, and improved standard of living, generally accompany economic growth. Developing countries strive to foster effective strategies that will allow them to achieve economic growth. South Korea has been known as the model for economic growthRead MoreResearch on the Impact of Economic Growth : Case Study of Malaysia998 Words   |  4 PagesPUBLIC EXPENDITURE POLICIES SHAPE THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA Public Expenditure/Public Spending can be defined as any expenses made by government particularly to improve certain areas and discipline. For instance, improving public goods and services, welfare and well-being of the people, government defense forces and civil servants, maintaining our economic stability, reducing inequality of income and reallocation of resources. Bose,Haque,Osborn (2003) where I do believe in their argumentsRead MoreBasic Studies Establishing The Oil Price Economic Growth Relationship2438 Words   |  10 PagesBasic studies establishing the oil price economic growth relationship Hamilton (1983) stated that the correlation between oil price evolution and economic output was not of a historical coincidence for the 1948-72 period. An increasing oil price was followed 3-4 quarters later by slower output growth with a recovery beginning after 6-7 quarters. These results also apply to the period 1973-1980. The negative effect is more distinct in inflationary times. It wouldn’t have been possible to anticipateRead MoreSuccessful Enterprises as Means for Economic Growth – Comparative Study of Polish Regions2500 Words   |  10 PagesSuccessful Enterprises as Means for Economic Growth – Comparative Study of Polish Regions Podkarpacie and Dolnoslaskie Research Question How can unsuccessful entrepreneurship of a region affect the economic growth of two Polish regions, Podkarpackie and Dolnoslaskie? State of the Art The aim of this research project is to find out how unsuccessful entrepreneurship of a region affects the economic growth of Polish provinces. In Polish language the word province is used interchangeably with the wordRead MoreImpact Of Trade Remedy Measures On Africa s International Trade And Economic Growth A Case Study Of Kenya3536 Words   |  15 Pages THE IMPACTS OF TRADE REMEDY MEASURES ON AFRICA S INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH A CASE STUDY OF KENYA Amira R. Alghumgham Howard University International Trade Research Paper Dr. Wadhawan. November 20, 2014 The impacts of trade remedy measures on Africa s international trade and economic growth a case study of Kenya This research paper is organized into five sections. Section one fill cover the introduction which will address a general overview of availableRead MoreThe Issue Of Public Debt1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment, there is one key issue which underlies this development but has mostly been ignored by empirical research: that is, the issue of public debt. Public debt has become relevant in the world economies because of its perceived contribution to economic development. The continuous improvement in most world economies requires investment in infrastructure, education, social welfare, health and other sectors of the economies. The huge expenditures associated with such investments make it challengingRead MoreNon Oil Export Case Study1021 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral studies have been carried out on non-oil export and economic growth both Nigeria and other countries. Some studies have positive relationship between non-oil export and economic growth while some have negative relationship between non-oil export and economic growth. Studies based on Nigerian data whose findings have positive relationship to economic growth are: Obadan (2000); Asanebi (2007); Onayemi and Ishola (2000); Ogbonna (2010); Ozoudo (2010); Opara (2010); Nwachukwu (2014) in allRead MoreExternal Debts and Economic Growth812 Words   |  3 PagesExternal debts and economic growth Literature Review A study was conducted on foreign aid, domestic savings and economic growth by (khan Rahim, 1993).the result indicates a positive but insignificant result statistically of economic growth with its varies form of contemporaneous values of economic assistance. Foreign aid shows statistically a significant positive correlation with economic growth. From the regression analysis the result shows negative correlation between foreign aid and domestic

Carl Jung Psychological Concept What You Resist-Persists Free Essay Example, 750 words

Carl Jung gave a seemingly complex and ironical psychological concept that what you resist persists . Since ages, the hallmark of the well-evolved civilizations has been to hold and believe that one ought to zealously resist and oppose what one intends to stop or put an end to. The object of detestation in such a scenario may be a personal habit like procrastination, smoking or faulty eating habits, or some social evil like drugs, crime, abuse or political issues like pollution and global warming, war, and terrorism. Certainly, it sounds sensible and rational than most of the above-mentioned problems are largely, generally detestable and hence the only plausible way to check them or to put an end to them is to vehemently resist them. In the given context, the proposition of Carl Jung that resisting a thing not only assures its persistence but also makes its end or demise even more difficult may sound strange. Still, the truth is always stranger than fiction. The theory given by Car l Jung is not only relevant but is backed by ample psychological credibility and truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Carl Jung Psychological Concept: What You Resist-Persists or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Nature Of Democracy By The Roman Res Publica Essay

If the nature of democracy may be understood via its etymological roots, demos (people) and kratos (power) arguably, in its very meaning, the system reflects an idealistic depiction of its primal iteration (that is, in 5th century Athens) rather than, for instance, the cogs of representative democracy that turn at the present – or so Western society likes to believe. In part, the significant distinction between the constructs is the constitution of the demos, Thorley estimates that it refers to between 12% and 17% of the Athenian population , and of course 66.1% of the UK population in the most recent general election. Hence, with a progressive understanding of politics one might assume that ‘the intermediary’ institutions of the Roman res publica (Senate and various Assemblies) lie somewhere within this linear democratic movement. Generally, however, political change is neither progressive nor linear and to this extent the Roman res publica was not the blending point that we might like it to be; it was not Aristotle’s â€Å"advantage to the poor† nor, in some ways, was it, as M. Cicero suggests, in â€Å"hands [where] the welfare of the commonwealth was the most important† . Rather, Roman political organs may be said to have malignly mutated from the schemata of Pericles’ Athenian government to the coup and later dictatorship of Sulla in 88BC; potentially, from which the elements of democracy, as it were, became unrecognisable to the Athenian gaze; and finally to the fall of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Roots of American Democracy2355 Words   |  10 Pagesand flourishing in the areas of philosophy, sciences, mathematics and literature. One other admirable achievement, the establishment of early forms of democracy, came from this time period and should not be overlooked as it is the historical basis of our government today. The Founding Fathers of the United States were influenced by Greek and Roman concepts in law, government structure, and even philosophy. Concepts described in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United StatesRead More Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay6933 Words   |  28 Pagesis politics is to be understood properly not in the sense of politics qua nomothetike but just as politike, i.e., direct, participatory politics as was enjoyed in the Athenian polis and as the formed background to Aristotle’s philosophizing on the nature of ethics. The ethical import of politics can be retrieved from Aristotle’s Ethics (in both versions) and Politics by dwelling on the connection of eudaimonia and humanity’s function as such. Aristotle does not construe this function as contemplationRead More The History of the Roman Government Essay4423 Words   |  18 PagesThe History of the Roman Government The Romans have had almost every type of government there is. Theyve had a kingdom, a republic, a dictatorship, and an empire. Their democracy would be the basis for most modern democracies. The people have always been involved with and loved their government, no matter what kind it was. They loved being involved in the government, and making decisions concerning everyone. In general, the Romans were very power-hungry. This might be explained by the myth that

statistic manager - 2779 Words

6.14 Show that for a sample of n = 39, the smallest and largest Z values are – 1.96 and + 1.96, and the middle (i.e., 20th) Z value is 0.00. 6.19 The data in the file spending represent the per-capita spending, in thousands of dollars, for each state in 2004. Decide whether the data appear to be approximately normally distributed by A. Comparing data characteristics to theoretical properties. B. Constructing a normal probability plot. 7.1. For a population containing N=902 individuals what code number would you assign for (a)The first person on the list? (b) The fortieth person on the list?  © The last person on the list? .7.8.Prenumbered sales invoices are kept in a sales journal.The invoices are numbered from 0001 to 5000. (a)beginning in†¦show more content†¦8.44.In 2005,34% of workers reported that their jobs were more difficult,with more stress,and 37% reported that they worry about retiring comfortably.consider a follow-up study to be conducted in the near future. (a)What sample size is needed to estimate the population proportion of workers who reported that their jobs were more stress,to within +/- 0.02 with 95% confidence? (b)How many workers need to be sampled in order to estimate the population proportion of workers who worried about retiring comfortably to within +/- 0.02 with 95% confidence? (c )compare the results of(a) and (b).Explain why these results differ. (d)If you were to design the follow-up study,would you use one sample and ask the respondents both questions,or would you select two separate samples?Explain the rationale behind your decision. 9.1.For Ho:u=100,H1:u not equal 100,and for a sample of size n,why beta larger if the actual value of u(mean)is 90 than if the actual value of u is 75? 9.2.If you use a 0.05 level of significance in a(two-tail)hypothesis test,what will you decide if Zstat=+2.21? 9.3.If you use a 0.01 level of significance in a(two-tail)hypothesis test,what is your decision rule for rejecting a null hypothesis that the population mean is 500 if you see the Z test? 9.11.The U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA) is responsible for approving new drugs.Many consumer groups feel that the approval process is too easy and,therefore,too many drugs are approved thatShow MoreRelatedHow Statistics For Managers ( Bam1447b )1361 Words   |  6 Pages What I learned in Statistics Kevin Green Statistics for Managers (BAM1447B) Timothy Crawford 12-22-14â€Æ' What I learned in Statistics Statistics is a mathematical and scientific process based on the analysis, interpretation, collection, or explanation, and presentation of a data set. It is applied to an enormous variety of academic disciplines, from the natural and social sciences to the humanities, and to government and business. Data analysis is applied when information needs to be convertedRead MoreBasic Understanding Of Statistics For Managers1553 Words   |  7 Pages Week 5 Assignment - Basic Understanding of Statistics Adam McCartney BUS308: Statistics for Managers Professor Donald Platine August 27th 2016 â€Æ' There was a single introductory course of statistics. We studied the basic principles of statistics to achieve the proper level of understanding. Sometimes the material didn’t come easily because statistics is largely grounded in mathematics. We learnt some basic theories in statistics and their practical applications without significant backgroundRead MoreBus 308 Statistics for Managers Complete Week 1 to 53515 Words   |  15 PagesBUS 308 Statistics for Managers Complete Week 1 to 5 Purchase here http://homeworkonestop.com/bus-308-statistics-for-managers-complete-week-1-to-5 Product Description BUS 308 Statistics for Managers, New Syllabus WEEK 1 Assignment Problem Set 1. Using the Excel Analysis ToolPak function descriptive statistics, generate descriptive statistics for the salary data. Which variables does this function not work properly for, even though we have some excel generated resultsRead MoreBus308: Statistics for Managers - Final Paper1062 Words   |  5 PagesGas Prices Nathaniel Peters BUS 308: Statistics for Managers Instructor: Ali Choudhry August 8, 2011 Gas Prices Delivery service is a way of life. Each day, people get packages sent to them by way of this service. But few people think of the costs the delivery company has to deal with. One of the main operating costs that we as a delivery company have is gasoline. We use gasoline daily in massive quantities. The cost of gas affects American’s daily, and people can be heard complaining aboutRead MoreTanglewood Case21239 Words   |  5 Pagescombined historical statistical data, the mission of the company, and EEO requirements to obtain a recommendation for future hiring strategies for Tanglewood. I have attached the results of my study, which will provide your company with detailed statistics and suggestions to meet your hiring goals, while still maintaining the company’s original culture. Please contact me with any questions regarding the information provided in this report or any of your future consultant needs. Regards, Read MoreA Brief Note On Business Careers By Brenda Vazquez1097 Words   |  5 PagesCareers by Brenda Vazquez Work Environment and Duties: Financial Manager Financial Managers are responsible for the financial wellbeing of an organization. The duties of financial managers’ range from preparing financial statements to helping management make financial decisions to steer the company in the right direction. Financial managers prepare financial statements, business activity reports, and forecasts. Additionally financial managers must monitor details to ensure legal requirements are beingRead MoreThe Industries Of The Hospitality Industry1583 Words   |  7 Pages Professional Plan Alexi Kondratuk Comm. 115 Ms. Neal July 16, 2015â€Æ' Abstract This research papers describes the various Industries of the hospitality industry. The three I discuss are Food service managers, Lodging managers, and Chefs and Head Cooks. The vibrant and rapidly growing industry has highly demanded positions across the world. The various tasks and responsibilities of each career field are detailed. Information regarding the salary and projected growth rates of these individualRead MoreInternal And External Data And Statistics Of Business Sales Managers Versus Entrepreneurs1272 Words   |  6 Pagesexternal data and statistics of Business Sales Managers versus Entrepreneurs and gives advice for two chosen careers as requested by a client. Managers and Entrepreneurs share the same characteristics, but can also be very different with some traits. Managers play an entirely different role than an entrepreneur, because an entrepreneur is managing his own business, but both are concerned with business growth. If you’re an entrepreneur, you bui ld businesses. If you’re a manager, you are then focusingRead MoreSoft Skills: An Essential in the 21st Century Managers Toolkit2864 Words   |  12 Pages‘people skills’ or ‘soft skills’ required in the 21 st century managers’ essential toolkit. This essay offers a suggestion of changes that occurred in the business environment of the 21st century and what they were driven by. It looks at why managerial soft skills gain more attention nowadays and provides challenges modern managers might face in the near future. It then offers various personal qualities a successful manager should possess in order to be a leading force within her organisationRead MoreTanglewood Case 21018 Words   |  5 PagesTanglewood is going to promote 510 store associates to a shift leader position and will lose 4335. There will be 192 shift leaders promoted to a department manager position and 51 department managers given assistant store manager duties. After a projected 17 store managers will be leaving your firm you will promote 12 assistant managers to the store manager position. The environmental scans surrounding the Washington area have shown us the labor markets are very soft. The unemployment rates in the

Canterbury Tales Analysis - 841 Words

In the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives a detailed description of what life was like in Medieval times . In the â€Å"Prologue†, the reader comes to better understand the people of the time period through the characters words and actions. Chaucer uses a variety of groups of society to give the reader a deeper insight into the fourteenth century Pilgrims customs and values. Through the Court, Common people and the Church, Gregory Chaucer gives a detailed description of ordinary life in the medieval times. Chaucer shows facts about the Middle English through the people of the court system in society. In the â€Å"Prologue† Chaucer reveals the honorable qualities of the Knight during this time period. Through the speakers words â€Å"To ride abroad had†¦show more content†¦Under the common people, the Cook is perceived as one who is very skilled at his profession. Through the writer, the reader comes to understand that it was a frowned upon that the chef had a sore on his knee which shows that at this time they judged people based on their appearances instead of their true self. The Cook was honored for his work but his wounds lowered his status in society.The â€Å"Prologue† of the Canterbury Tales teaches the reader the devoutness of the Plowman. The Plowman was a charitable man who respected his faith and worked hard at his job. The Plowman shows that at this time they took their jobs very serious and were devout to their religion. Chaucers â€Å" The Prolo gue† reveals the lives of the average people at this time period. Chaucer describes the Church as being the most corrupt segment of society. The â€Å"Prologue† shares with the reader an insight into Pilgrims lives of the fourteenth century. In Chaucers â€Å"Prologue† to the Canterbury Tales the Parson shows the best example of a true religious. The Parson preaches and lives the faith as best as possible. The Parsons extreme generosity to the poor, not minding his very low income, shows that there were some religious people that werent corrupt. Secondly the Pardoner is depicted a person who is very selfish, only does things that benefit him,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Canterbury Tales 1189 Words   |  5 Pagessuch examples following this concept is The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1478, and Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley 1818. Three characters in The Canterbury Tales (The Wife of Bath, The Pardoner, and The Knight) and The Monster in Frankenstein have developed a talent for successful storytelling, proven by their abilities to engage the audience with their pathos and passion. While storytelling is used differently in The Canterbury Tales (as a method of entertainment) than in FrankensteinRead More Summary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales)928 Words   |  4 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Shipmans Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Introduction to the Shipmans Tale: The Host asks the priest to tell a tale, but the Shipman interrupts, insisting that he will tell the next tale. He says that he will not tell a tale of physics or law or philosophy, but rather a more modest story. The Shipmans Tale: A merchant at St. Denis foolishly took a desirable woman for a wife who drained his income by demanding clothes and other fine array to make her appearRead MoreAn Analysis Of Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales 2650 Words   |  11 PagesAn Analysis of Chaucer’s Miller in The Canterbury Tales In the prologue to The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer introduces the Miller as a crude, rude, loud character who cheats his customers. The tale, which the Miller later narrates, is appropriate because the Miller’s tale clearly reflects this individual’s unrefined personality by telling a typical, filthy tavern story. The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, is a story that details thirty pilgrims, including Chaucer, traveling onRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prologue Of The Canterbury Tales 1194 Words   |  5 PagesBhakta, Karan English IV, Sixth Hour Mr. Adcock 8 December 2015 The Religious Vows In The Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer has some religious characters who break the vows they pledge for, to get a place in the Church. Many characters in the story seem to have an awkward characteristic that the writer did not notice. Why do the religious characters break the vow? How do they break it? For example, the monk was a primary part of the church, but as you keep readingRead MoreAnalysis Of Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales 1161 Words   |  5 Pagesthe strength of such ties, the alterations made to an original source are very potent cues as to authorial intention. In composing The Canterbury Tales, there is a broad diversity of tales told by a wide range of narrators. This indicates that Chaucer likely used a wide variety of sources. The alterations made by Chaucer to the source material for the Clerk’s Tale, including Boccaccio’s Decameron X, or â€Å"The Story of Griselda,† indicate Chaucer’s motive to exami ne issues such as marriage as was foundRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Alison from the Millers Tale, Canterbury Tales664 Words   |  3 PagesClass: English 2010.105 Professor: Dr. Arnold Student: Bob Jackson Date: September 7, 1999 Title: Analysis of Alison from The Millers Tale, Canterbury Tales In The Millers Tale, the character of Alison is introduced as the 18-year-old wife of a carpenter who is much older than the woman. The authors description of the young wife seems to suggest that she was so wild, beautiful, and desirable that the old man had a difficult time containing his jealousy. Chaucer uses a numberRead MoreAnalysis Of The Canterbury Tales : Chaucer s Second Nun s Tale 2418 Words   |  10 Pages AN ANALYSIS OF THE CANTERBURY TALES: Chaucer’s â€Å"Second Nun’s Tale†. Leah Holle REL. 700a: Transitional Moments in Western Christianity 1 November 5th, 2014 Geoffrey Chaucer was a prominent figure within English Literature during the Middle Ages, and is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. Among Chaucer’s works, The Canterbury Tales is arguably one of his most famous pieces. In this fictional work, there is a collection of over 20 stories that areRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales : An Analysis Of Medieval Life By Geoffrey Chaucer939 Words   |  4 PagesCanterbury Tales: An Analysis of Medieval Life by Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales is strongly considered one of the greatest works in medieval literature. An admirer of Chaucer, and the author of Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century, H.S. Bennett describes Chaucer’s unique style as, â€Å"No detail was too small for him to observe, and from it he could frequently draw, or suggest, conclusions which would have escaped many.† While The Canterbury Tales was originally intended to be an epic poemRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucers greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories (Norton 79). In The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts likeRead MoreLinguistic Analysis of a Passage from Both the â€Å"Miller’s Tale† and the â€Å"Man of the Law’s Tale† of Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales2030 Words   |  9 PagesIn a linguistic analysis of a passage from both the â€Å"Miller’s Tale† and the â€Å"Man of the Law’s Tale† of Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, focus on the lexicon and the word-formation processes utilised, and consider how far it is representative of its period. Introduction: Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales were written in Middle English during the 14th Century, the period after the loss of Old English inflexions and before the standardisation of spelling due to the introduction of the Caxton

The Role of Integrated Reporting-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Briefly explain the role of Integrated reporting by Identifying the Problems associated with tradition Financial reporting. Answer: Introduction The integrated report refers to a brief correspondence that represents how organization system, governance, execution and prompt the creation of value over the short, medium and long term. Organizations are using the idea of incorporated reporting to show clear, brief, coordinated data that portrays how all the resources of the business are creating value. Integrated reporting enables the business to contemplate their systems and plans, settle on educated choices and oversee the key problems to construct financial professionals and investor certainty and enhance future performance. Integrated reporting is outlined by a various coalition including business pioneers and speculators to drive an overall advancement in corporate reporting. The first part of the report explains the role of integrated reporting by identifying the problems related to the traditional financial reporting. The second part describes the Woolworth Company which is listed on the ASX and determines the company is i ntegrated or non-integrated. Critically discussion of statement and role of integrated reporting According to Wild van Staden, (2013), a feedback of stand-alone reports related to social and environmental exercises is that they demonstrate non-monetary data which is non-incorporated and categorized. Thus, they are not fit for furnishing stakeholders that are imperative to successfully surveying business execution, technique and potential for future value creation. Integrating reporting is considered as a response to this feedback. The Integrated Reporting Council communicates that the standard concentration of incorporating announcing is to give performance, methodology and potential for future value creation. Integrated reporting is considered as an answer to this criticism. The Integrated Reporting Council expresses that the principle focus of integrating reporting is to give the data around an organization's system, plans, administration, performance, and prospects such that will mirror the business, social and ecological conditions inside which it works. Integrated reportin g additionally goes beyond environmental and sustainability reporting. The reason behind this is that integrated reporting is arranged at the future and hopes to get interconnections between the monetary and non-monetary related drivers of execution. Integrated reporting does not need aspiration. The Integrated Reporting Council has assembled a system of organization exploring different avenues regarding integrated reporting. For instance, these organizations are driving the path in adopting integrated reporting detailing with transformational impacts not in the simple way they report, however in transit they think and act (Crowther, 2016). Thus, the International Integrated Reporting Council advocates that coordinated revealing ought to wind up plainly the overall standard for corporate detailing to investors. According to Steyn (2014), integrated reporting helps in enhancing the transparency of the business organization in several ways such as: By involving the stakeholders in driving the corporate agenda in order to make the internal process better. By providing the information to the stakeholders about the strategic plans and demonstrating where management laid emphasis in determining and handling the challenges. By communication with the stakeholders that how management is appraised and helping them appreciate the performance (De Villiers et al., 2014). According to Bernardi (2015), the main problems which are associated with the traditional financial reporting are the avoidance or need of knowledge about the reporting and the problems which are connected with the sustainability performance to the needs of stakeholders and investors, the inside organizational structure are not aligned to the reporting requirements, there is no consistency in reporting for small medium enterprises constrained by resources, cost, time and technology. Integrated reporting indicates the organization's dedication with a specific end goal to set the goals and compliance with the overriding sector regulations and it demonstrates comprehension and thought of effects and dangers on outside environment. For this purpose, the integrated report gives an opportunity for management to recount a better story to its investors and other external parties who generally keep on relying basically on its money related performance together with the most extreme data they can pick up. Overall, integrated reporting address the significance of choosing the correct performance management procedures, data frameworks, reporting functions to ensure performance is conveyed at all levels and over the short term and long term. Woolworth Integrated reporting According to Healy Palepu (2012), Woolworths Supermarkets is supermarket chain owned by Woolworths Limited. Woolworths prepare the integrated with a specific end goal to set out the organizational methodology, administration, performance, and report in order to set out the organizational strategy, governance, performance and prospects which prompt the making of significant worth. Woolworths prepared the integrated report for the advantages of the considerable number of partners with a specific concentration on those stakeholders who give the organization access to assets of a financial nature. The integrated reporting of Woolworths Company shows the performance and the data information linked to the Company and its subsidiaries, associates, and operations of the Company. Woolworth's financial performance report is accounted for as equity accounted joint venture (Jensen Berg, 2012). As, generally private mark retail groups across food, clothing, and beauty, Company plan of actions depend on long-term provider and an obligation to affect change all through the inventory network. Woolworth manage the more broad business influences through social and environmental systems and practices where aspects of Company great business journey program are more totally developed, the risks and results of those partners influences are participated in both the integrated report and the great business journey report. In this way, the part that these partners play in the Companys value creation is featured in the integrated reporting. According to Tait Loosemore (2012), The IIRC Framework for Integrated Reporting has displayed the idea of announcing how a business makes an incentive by using the six capitals which are money related, budgetary, manufactures, intellectual, human, social and relationship and capital.Woolworth Company has chosen the integrated reporting which refer to the capital as resources and utilized by business as contributions to the plan of action. As a retail Group, Company refers to the names of the different resources in a more relevant way to interface in with the marketable strategy of activity. Resources may be in riches or compelled, however are by and large accessible to all organizations. Organizations assume that the exercises in the strategy for success of activity use them in such a way to deal with redesigning value creation. The organization also perceives the interdependencies between the assets and the way that there are tradeoff between the cost and preferences offered by the assets that we need to oversee capably. The organization likewise sees the interdependencies between the assets and the way that there are tradeoffs between the cost and preferences offered by the assets that we need to oversee capably. Thus, Woolworths prepared integrated reporting in making the transparency and creating a global regulated sustainability reporting system. Conclusion From the report, business organizations are utilizing coordinated answering to convey clear, brief, incorporated data with the goal that it portrays the organizations concerning how the greater part of the business resources are creating value. This report explains the role of integrated reporting by determining the problems connected with the traditional financial reporting by discussing the statements of stand-alone reports which are not capable to evaluate the business performance and strategy for value creation. The other part of the report discusses the Woolworths Company integrated reporting in making the transparency in the organization. References Bernardi, Cristiana. Stark, A.W., 2015. The transparency of environmental, social and governance disclosures, integrated reporting, and the accuracy of analyst forecasts.Roma Tre University and University of Manchester, unpublished working paper. Churet, C. Eccles, R.G., 2014. Integrated reporting, quality of management, and financial performance.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,26(1), pp.56-64. Crowther, D., 2016.A social critique of corporate reporting: Semiotics and web-based integrated reporting. Routledge. London. De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Eccles, R.G. Krzus, M.P., 2010.One report: Integrated reporting for a sustainable strategy. John Wiley Sons. United States. Jensen, J.C. Berg, N., 2012. Determinants of traditional sustainability reporting versus integrated reporting. An institutionalist approach.Business Strategy and the Environment,21(5), pp.299-316. Steyn, M., 2014. Organizational benefits and implementation challenges of mandatory integrated reporting: Perspectives of senior executives at South African listed companies.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,5(4), pp.476-503. Wild, S. van Staden, C., 2013. Integrated Reporting: initial analysis of early reporters An institutional theory approach, paper presented at the 7th Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, pp. 26-28, Kobe.

Corporate Law and Securities Regulation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Law and Securities Regulation. Answer: Introduction: The Corporation Act 2001 guides the working of a company and its officers and directors. Section 9 of the Act defines a director as a person who is appointed at the position of a director or alternate director. A person is also regarded as director when though not appointed as a director but carry out all the functions of a director (Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Austin(1998)). Such person is called de facto directors and holds all the powers and responsibilities of a company director (Natcomp Technology Australia Pty Ltd v.Graiche(2001) (Australian Master Family Law Guide, 2009). However, no person can become a director if he is bankrupt as per section 206 B (3) of the Act (Re Ansett (1991). (P Latimer, 2012) The Managing director holds a very prestigious position as it is him who control and manages a company. He has power to delegate his functions to his subordinates whether director or not (Maynegrain Pty Ltd v Compafina Bank, [1982]). (A Krawitz, 2002) Now, whenever a power is delegated to any person (agent) then he has the ability to bind the principal by his actions. But, an agent can bind the principal provided the acts which are carried out by him are within his delegated authorities. The authorities can be of two types: When the principal grants power to his agent with his own words, oral or written or by his act or his conduct, then, the authority that is secured by the agent is called actual authority ((Bell v Australian Eagle Insurance Co. Ltd , (1990). The actual authority is a direct authority which is provided to an agent and an agent must act within the scope of such authority. Any act which is outside an actual authority is non-binding upon the principle. When the principal does not have any kind of direct authority to an agent but makes a representation towards an outsider and makes him believe that the agent do have authority to bind the principal, then, the authority so attained is called ostensible authority or apparent authority (Ogden Co Pty Ltd v Reliance Fire Sprinkler Co Pty Ltd, (1973). The acts which are carried on by an agent within the apparent authority are also binding upon the principal. But, if the outsider is aware that the agent who is carrying out his actions within his apparent authority does not have the power to do so and has reasons to believe so, then, an outsider cannot take good of his own wrong. (Greig, D. W., 1988) Thus, if any act is carried out by an agent of the director, which is in his actual or apparent authority, then, the acts are binding upon the director and the company. It is submitted that Harry was the Managing Director. He has delegated his powers to William wherein William was only authorized to negotiate the contract with the third party. Thus, the actual authority that is granted to William is only of negotiations. But, Harry has addressed a letter to the third party wherein it was stated that William has the power to make contracts on behalf of the company. Thus, Harry has made a representation in front of the outsider wherein he establishes that William has power to make contracts. Thus, an ostensible authority is granted to William by Harry. So, contracts that are made by William with an outsider are binding under his ostensible authority provided the outsider has no knowable that William does not possess the authority to contract. In issue 1, the company was held liable by the acts of William as the same are within his authority. Now, if Harry was not appointed as Managing director and was merely acting in such capacity, then, still the decision that was laid in issue 1 remains unchanged. It is submitted that by applying section 9 of the 2001, it is established that a director is not only a person who is appointed at such position, but, a person is also a director who is performing all the functions of a director. Since, Harry was performing all the acts and functions of Managing directors, thus, as per Natcomp Technology Australia Pty Ltd v.Graiche, Harry can be held to be the de facto managing director and has the power to delegate the functions to Harry. There is few statuary provisions that are framed which aims at protecting an outsider who has no knowledge or source to gain knowledge whether the integral proceedings of the company are met before dealing with such company. Section 128 (1) of the Act has granted power to an outsider under which he is empowered to make few assumptions as per the provisions of section 129 of the Act (Gye v McIntyre (1991)). Section 128 (3) of the Act submits that the assumptions under section 129 can also be made even when forgery is committed by an agent (South London Greyhound Racecourses Ltd v Wake [1931]). But, the assumptions made under section 129 of the Act cannot be made if the outsider has knowledge of the default (section 128 (4) of the Act). (Chapple Lipton, 2002) Section 129 of the Act submits that an outsider can assume that all the constitutional and statutory provisions which a company must comply with must be met. There is no obligation to make any internal check. An outsider can assume that the company director are appointed adequately and has power to bind by their acts under section 129 (2) of the Act. In Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising Addressing Co Pty Ltd (1975) it was held that assumption can be made that necessary requirements are comply with if any person is held out as the company director or agent (section 129 (3) and (4) of the Act), that is the authority are granted with adequate means and powers. In Vrisakis v Australian Securities Commission (1993) the principle was reinstated. (J Power, 2015) One of the most important assumption that can be made by an outsider is that he can assume that all the documents which are framed by the company are complete and genuine (section 125 (5) (6) of the Act) unless he is aware of the same. But, the documents are considered to be valid only when the provisions of section 127 of the Act are complying with. (J Power, 2015) Section 127 (1) of the act submits that any document which is executed by a company with or without common seal is valid provided the documents are signed by 2 director or secretary and director. If a company is a private company and has only director/shareholder then the signature of the director is enough to validate the document and is rightly discussed in Pyramid Building Society v Scorpion Hotels Pty Ltd (1996). Application of law A company is formed which comprises of two directors and shareholders, namely Maria and David. Now, $100,000 is required by Maria. The purpose to acquire finance is to use the money for the company along with her private usage. She intends to borrow the same from bank but guarantee is required by the bank from the company prior granting the loan. Now, as per section 128 (1), the bank is empowered to assume assumptions under section 129 of the Act. Thus, as per section 129 (3) and (4), the bank can assume that the company must have empowered Maria to take loan on behalf of the company and thus the authority that is granted to her is as per due process. Maria in order to secure loan has forged the signature of David. The Bank is empowered to assume under section 128 (3) even when the documents are forged, provided, that the bank is not empowered to assume anything if it is aware of the true facts of the situation as is rightly established in section 128 (4) of the Act. as per section 127, the document is signed by two directors, that is, David and Maria, thus, the presumptions can be raised easily. Thus, Bank has made genuine assumptions provided he has no knowledge of the true facts and thus the guarantee provided to Maria is valid and if Maria fails to meet payments, then, the bank is empowered to enforce the guarantee against the company. Reference List Australian Master Family Law Guide (2009) CCH Australia Limited. Greig, D. W. (1988), Commercial law. Butterworths. Chapple Lipton (2002) Corporate Authority And Dealings With Officers And Agents, The Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Regulation. Krawitz A (2002) Protecting Outsiders to Corporate Contracts in Australia Volume 9, Number 3, Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. Latimer P (2012) Australian Business Law 2012, CCH Australia Limited Power J, (2015)Courage to move beyond the past: Common law and canonical structures for the governance of Australian congregational schools in the 21st century, University of Notre Dame Australia. Bell v Australian Eagle Insurance Co. Ltd , (1990) Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising Addressing Co Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 72. Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Austin(1998). Ogden Co Pty Ltd v Reliance Fire Sprinkler Co Pty Ltd, (1973) Gye v McIntyre (1991) 98 ALR 393 at 403. Maynegrain Pty Ltd v Compafina Bank, [1982]. Natcomp Technology Australia Pty Ltd v.Graiche(2001). Pyramid Building Society v Scorpion Hotels Pty Ltd (1996) 14 ACLC 679. Re Ansett (1991) 9 ACLC 277. South London Greyhound Racecourses Ltd v Wake [1931] 1 Ch 496. Vrisakis v Australian Securities Commission (1993) 11 ACLC 763.